1. Introduction
2. The technological foundation: E2E AD, standards,and explainable AI
2.1. E2E AD: technology, standards, and regulatory focus in China
2.2. Addressing regulatory and AI alignment with explainable AI
3. Tort liability in E2E AD
3.1. China’s tort framework in a global context
3.2. A tiered liability framework for E2E AD
4. Data governance in E2E AD
4.1. The global regulatory landscape for AV data
4.2. Risk, transparency, and explainability in AI governance
4.3. A risk-stratified data governance framework for China
5. Conclusion