More Americans are opting to purchase an electric vehicle, but some EV owners are surprised to find out how much their car's driving range is compromised by winter weather.
越来越多的美国人选择购买电动汽车，但一些电动车车主惊讶地发现，冬季天气对车辆续航里程的影响竟然如此之大。
Why it matters: Getting over the hurdles of buying an EV — the higher sticker price, knowing where to charge it or the fear of getting stranded — is hard enough.
为何重要：购买电动车本身就需要克服不少障碍——更高的售价、对充电地点的焦虑，以及担心半路抛锚等问题，已经足够让人头疼。
If your car doesn't live up to the EPA-estimated range that was promised, it could undermine confidence in EVs and even deter potential buyers.
如果车辆无法达到美国环保署（EPA）所承诺的官方续航里程，这可能会削弱消费者对电动车的信心，甚至劝退潜在买家。
Case in point: In January, Margaret and her husband took their first road trip in their new Mustang Mach-E from Washington, D.C., to a cabin near Wardensville, West Virginia, roughly 110 miles away.
典型案例：今年 1 月，玛格丽特和她的丈夫驾驶新买的 Mustang Mach-E，从华盛顿特区前往西弗吉尼亚州沃登斯维尔附近的一处小木屋，全程约 110 英里，这是他们的首次长途自驾。
Their car has an EPA range of 300 miles, but in the chilly weather the estimate before they left home was only about 200 miles, so they had to build in a stop for recharging.
这辆车的 EPA 官方续航为 300 英里，但在寒冷天气下，出发前显示的预估续航只有约 200 英里，因此他们不得不在行程中安排一次充电。
Reality check: Most electric vehicles experience some loss of driving range in cold weather.
现实检验：大多数电动车在寒冷天气中都会出现一定程度的续航下降。
In Norway — where half of all new cars are plug-ins — tests show that EVs lose about 20% of their driving range and take longer to charge in cold temperatures, according to the Norwegian Automobile Federation.
在挪威——新车中有一半是插电式车型——挪威汽车联合会的测试显示，电动车在低温环境下续航里程大约会减少 20%，充电时间也会变长。
AAA found the loss in driving range could be as high as 41% with the heater on full blast.
美国汽车协会（AAA）发现，在暖气全开时，续航里程的损失可能高达 41%。
Consumer Reports urges EV buyers to opt for a larger battery to account for unpredictable weather.
《消费者报告》建议电动车买家选择更大容量的电池，以应对不可预测的天气因素。
What they're saying: “Batteries are like humans,” Anna Stefanopoulou, director of the University of Michigan’s Energy Institute, told Wired.
专家观点：“电池就像人一样，”密歇根大学能源研究所所长安娜·斯特凡诺普卢在接受《连线》（Wired）杂志采访时表示。
“They prefer the same sort of temperature range that people do. Anything below 40 or above 115 degrees Fahrenheit and they’re not going to deliver their peak performance," according to Wired.
她说：“电池偏好和人类相似的温度范围。低于华氏 40 度或高于 115 度时，它们都无法发挥最佳性能。”
Some EVs do better than others in the cold, however, according to battery analysis firm Recurrent, which uses data collected from EV owners to create "battery health reports" on pre-owned EVs.
不过，根据电池分析公司 Recurrent 的数据，一些电动车在寒冷天气中的表现明显优于其他车型。该公司通过车主数据为二手电动车生成“电池健康报告”。
The company analyzed the real-world winter driving range of thousands of electric vehicles and found the Tesla Model Y retained most of its EPA-rated range in winter.
该公司分析了数千辆电动车在冬季的真实续航表现，发现特斯拉 Model Y 在冬天依然能保持大部分 EPA 标称续航。
Tesla has developed more advanced thermodynamic systems, including a heat pump to warm the interior, Recurrent CEO Scott Case tells Axios.
Recurrent 首席执行官斯科特·凯斯告诉 Axios，特斯拉开发了更先进的热管理系统，包括用于车厢供暖的热泵。
Between the lines: Cold temperatures slow down the chemical reactions in battery cells, which saps range and increases charging times.
言外之意：低温会减缓电池电芯中的化学反应，从而降低续航并延长充电时间。
Without heat-producing engines, EVs also have to siphon battery power to warm the cabin.
由于没有产生余热的发动机，电动车还需要额外消耗电池电量来为车厢供暖。
The intrigue: Your driving also affects your EV's range. If you drive with a lead foot, or you like to crank the heat, your expected range will be less.
有趣的是：驾驶方式同样会影响电动车续航。如果你猛踩油门，或者习惯把暖气开得很大，预计续航就会更短。
Ironically, driving only a few miles a day will also shorten your range estimate.
讽刺的是，每天只开几英里，反而也会降低系统给出的续航预估。
There are steps EV owners can take to maximize their cold-weather driving range, Donna Dickson, chief engineer of the Mach-E, tells Axios.
Mustang Mach-E 的总工程师唐娜·迪克森告诉 Axios，电动车车主可以采取一些措施，在寒冷天气下尽量延长续航。
Start the vehicle while it’s plugged in to allow the battery to warm up.
在车辆仍然插着充电桩时启动车辆，让电池提前升温。
“The key is warming that battery up," Dickson said. "That pre-conditioning helps so much because it gets it to a temperature level that works efficiently.
迪克森说：“关键在于把电池加热起来。预热作用非常大，因为它能让电池达到高效运作的温度区间。”
What to watch: Ford is considering a software update that would give drivers more insight into how to improve their vehicle’s range.
值得关注的是：福特正在考虑推出一次软件更新，帮助驾驶者更清楚地了解如何提升车辆的续航表现。
10个月宝宝每天需要喝多少奶粉？
